Mitochondria

News

View

by Matt Jarosy

Fueling Your Mitochondria: Make More Energy

Mitochondria are membranous, slightly elongated structures contained within the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. Using aerobic respiration, they take oxygen and the compounds in our food to make energy (in the form adenosine triphosphate, known as 'ATP'). Each cell contains the appropriate amount of mitochondria relative to its energy use. That means organs such as the heart contain a lot of mitchondria, infact each cell of your heart contains around 5000 mitochondria. When we lose mitochondria or they begin to malfunction, it can increase our risk of 'dis-ease'. It is thought that mitochondria were originally independent bacterial entities which at some point over a billion years ago (through much trial and error) entered other bacterial cells and decided to partner up. This moment was monumentous, you could argue this was the beginning of complex life as we know it. Two important cycles that occur within the mitochondria for energy production are the the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and the electron transport chain (ECT). Think of these like factory lines, they need to be flowing freely in order for energy to be generated efficiently. During normal oxidative phosphrlation (whereby ATP is formed by electron transfer) about 2 percent of the oxygen consumed is converted to superoxide (a type of free radical). This is where nutrition comes, anti-oxidants from our diet help to mop up the free radicals formed by energy production. Unfortunately, making energy comes with exhaust. So what do mitochondria need to function properly? Magnesium: In order for ATP be 'activated', it needs to form a complex with magnesium. B Vitamins: These are like the workers on the factory line, helping to pass energy from one cycle to another. Each B vitamin has a specific role, for example riboflavin (B2) plays a key role in shuttling electrons from the TCA and cobalamin (B12) is needed to generate s-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) which is part of the protein sub unit that makes up the ECT. COQ10: You can think of COQ10 as the oil in the factory, it helps to keep things running smoothly. It can regenerate free radicals and soothe them back into the ECT. PQQ: Otherwise known as pyrroloquinoline quinone, helps control redox processes in the mitochondrial, essentially balancing oxidative stress as well as stimulating energy production. B3: We need B3 or niacinamide to manufacture NADH (energy carrier) and to supply protons for oxidative phosphorylation. Copper: Copper is a cofactor in the ECT so that ATP can be released, it also plays a key role in mitochondrial signaling and mitophagy. Given mitochondria's role in the body, mitocondrial may be the key to unlocking the process of aging itself. According to this theory, with age, mitochondria accumulate ROS-induced damage and become dysfunctional. With time, the function of cells declines causing aging and subsequent death. Many things can induce oxidative stress in humans, including not having the necessary cofactors for making energy. Remember, making energy makes exhuast. The more we can buffer this exhaust, the better.

by Matt Jarosy

Pyrroloquinoline quinone: From Stardust to Mitochondria

We've recently launched our mitochondrial support supplement which contains a compound known as Pyrroloquinoline quinone, otherwise known as PQQ. In this post we wanted to dive into what this compound is and its functions. PQQ is a small molecule that is found in plants, bacteria, and some animal tissues. It has a chemical structure similar to that of vitamins and is classified as a redox cofactor, which means that it can participate in chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons. PQQ has gained attention in recent years due to its potential health benefits, including its ability to act as an antioxidant and support cognitive function. Recent evidence suggests that compounds like PQQ are components of interstellar dust, considered precursors to organic life. One of the primary functions of PQQ is its ability to act as an antioxidant. Antioxidants are substances that can neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals, which can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of diseases such as cancer and heart disease. PQQ has been shown to be a potent antioxidant, with the ability to scavenge free radicals and prevent their damaging effects. It has also been shown to stimulate the production of other antioxidants in the body, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione. PQQ has also been shown to modulate the expression of certain genes that are involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. In particular, PQQ has been shown to increase the expression of genes that are involved in the production of mitochondria and the transport of proteins into mitochondria, which may help to improve their function. PQQ has also been studied for its potential cognitive benefits. Some research has suggested that PQQ may support cognitive function by protecting neurons, or brain cells, from oxidative stress. It has also been shown to promote the growth and survival of neurons, which may help to improve brain function.In addition to its potential cognitive benefits, PQQ has also been studied for its effects on energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells, responsible for producing the energy from oxidative phosphorylation that cells need to function. PQQ has been shown to improve the function of mitochondria and increase the production of energy in cells. This may have a variety of potential health benefits, including improving physical performance and reducing fatigue. There is also some evidence to suggest that PQQ may have anti-inflammatory effects. Inflammation is a normal response to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation has been linked to a number of diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. PQQ has been shown to reduce inflammation in animal studies, and there is some evidence to suggest that it may have similar effects in humans. PQQ is found naturally in small amounts in a variety of foods, including kiwifruit and peppers. Although the body can produce small amounts of PQQ, more may be needed in times of oxidative stress. In this situation additional PQQ may be able to help balance redox status so that we can make energy efficiently. The available evidence suggests that PQQ may have a variety of potential benefits for human health, including its ability to act as an antioxidant, support cognitive function, improve energy metabolism and mitochondrial function, and reduce inflammation. As with any supplement, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before starting to use PQQ, especially if you have any existing health conditions or are taking any medications. References Pyrroloquinoline-Quinone Is More Than an Antioxidant: A Vitamin-like Accessory Factor Important in Health and Disease Prevention Dietary pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) alters indicators of inflammation and mitochondrial-related metabolism in human subjects

by Matt Jarosy

Unveiling the Power of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): A Comprehensive Guide

In the realm of health and wellness, the spotlight often falls on various vitamins and minerals, but one lesser-known yet crucial compound deserves attention – Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone (because of its ubiquitous presence in organisms). It's chemical name is 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-multiprenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (did you try to pronounce that? We hope so). This naturally occurring antioxidant is present in every cell of the human body, playing a vital role in energy production, antioxidant defense, and overall cellular health. Forms of CoQ10 SupplementsSupplemental CoQ10 comes in various forms however the two primary forms available in the market are ubiquinone and ubiquinol.Ubiquinone: This is the oxidized form of CoQ10 and is the more stable of the two and one we use in our formulations. Once ingested, the body converts ubiquinone into ubiquinol, the active antioxidant form. It has demonstrated efficacy in supporting overall health.Ubiquinol: This is the reduced, active form of CoQ10. Ubiquinol is absorbed by the body without the need for conversion but is less stable. This is why we prefer to allow the body to perform the process of oxidation by using ubiquinone. Functions in the Human Body COQ10 it’s not like your everyday mitochondria worker and that's because it's the only component that is not anchored to the inner mitochondrial membrane allowing a certain degree of freedom. It’s also very stable making it a tough antioxidant too (similar structure to vitamin E). It can handle some unstable molecules and rustle them into place with ease. The areas in the body with the highest energy requirements have the highest CoQ10 which makes sense given its role, so for example, the heart and liver.Energy Production: One of the primary functions of CoQ10 is its involvement in the electron transport chain, a critical step in cellular respiration. This process takes place in the mitochondria, where CoQ10 facilitates the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell.Cellular Health: CoQ10 plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of cell membranes, supporting overall cellular health and function. CoQ10 is transported in the bloodstream attached to VLDL and LDL cholesterol, with a plasma half-life of about 30 hours. CoQ10 is very efficient at inhibiting lipid peroxidation in LDL cholesterol.Dietary Sources of CoQ10While CoQ10 is naturally synthesized in the body, it can also be obtained through dietary sources. Foods rich in CoQ10 include:Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and sardines are excellent sources of CoQ10, providing not only this essential compound but also trace minerals.Meat: Organ meats such as liver and kidney contain high concentrations of CoQ10, making them valuable dietary sources.Whole Grains: Whole grains like wheat germ and whole wheat bread contain CoQ10, contributing to its intake through a balanced diet.Fruits and Vegetables: While the levels are lower compared to animal products, fruits like oranges and strawberries, as well as vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower, contribute to overall CoQ10 intake.Benefits of CoQ10 SupplementationCardiovascular Health: CoQ10 is often touted for its cardiovascular benefits. Studies suggest that supplementation may help lower blood pressure, reduce oxidative stress, and improve overall heart function.Anti-Aging Properties: As we age, the body's natural production of CoQ10 declines. Supplementing with CoQ10 has been linked to improved skin health, including reduced wrinkles and enhanced skin hydration.Mitochondrial Support: CoQ10's pivotal role in energy production makes it essential for mitochondrial health. Supplementation may aid in addressing conditions related to mitochondrial dysfunction, promoting overall energy and vitality.Cognitive Function: Some research suggests that CoQ10 supplementation may have neuroprotective effects, potentially slowing cognitive decline and supporting brain health.Exercise Performance: Athletes and fitness enthusiasts often turn to CoQ10 supplements to enhance endurance and reduce exercise-induced muscle damage, though more research is needed in this area. Fertility: COQ10 plays an important role in egg development and sperm health making it a top choice for those wanting to conceive. Why We Need More as We AgeAs we age, the body's ability to produce and utilize CoQ10 diminishes. This decline is particularly pronounced after the age of 30. Several factors contribute to this reduction, including lifestyle factors, medication use, and the natural aging process itself.Medication Interactions: Some medications, such as statins used to lower cholesterol, can deplete CoQ10 levels in the body. Supplementing with CoQ10 is often recommended for individuals on such medications to counteract this depletion.Increased Oxidative Stress: Aging is associated with an increase in oxidative stress, leading to higher levels of free radicals. CoQ10, as a potent antioxidant, becomes even more crucial in neutralizing these free radicals and protecting cells from damage.Decline in Mitochondrial Function: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging. CoQ10's role in the mitochondria becomes increasingly vital to support cellular energy production and overall cellular health.ConclusionCoenzyme Q10, with its diverse functions and numerous benefits, emerges as a vital player in the maintenance of optimal health. Whether obtained through dietary sources or supplementation, CoQ10 is an invaluable compound that supports cardiovascular health, mitigates the effects of aging, and enhances overall well-being. As our bodies age and face increasing challenges, ensuring an adequate supply of CoQ10 becomes a proactive step towards promoting longevity and vitality. Embracing the power of CoQ10 may be a key to unlocking the secrets of aging gracefully and maintaining robust health throughout the journey of life. Our mitochondrial support complex contains 100mg of COQ10 along with a similar compound known as PQQ. References Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal-proBNP reduced after combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation: a 5-year prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial among elderly Swedish citizens. Coenzyme Q10 effects on creatine kinase activity and mood in geriatric bipolar depression.Reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction by coenzyme Q10 supplement improves endothelial function in patients with ischaemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis. Does coenzyme Q10 supplementation improve fertility outcomes in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.